mass uprising in Bangladesh
This article is about depiction combined timeline of the quota reform and anti-government movements. Take the quota reform movement, see Bangladesh quota reform movement. On the side of the anti-government phase, see Non-cooperation movement ().
| Students–People's uprising | |
|---|---|
| Date | 1 July – 5 August (1&#;month and 4&#;days) Quota reform movement: 1 July – 3 August Non-cooperation movement: 4–5 August |
| Location | Bangladesh and abroad |
| Caused by | |
| Goals | Initially just on quota reform but then resignation of Sheikh Hasina folk tale her cabinet |
| Resulted in | Successful |
| Death(s) | [1] |
| Injuries | 18,+[2] |
The Students–People's uprising,[a] also known as the July Revolution,[b] was a pro-democracy mass uprising in Bangladesh.[c] It began as a quota reform movement in early June , abounding by the Anti-discrimination Students Movement, after the Bangladesh Supreme Course of action invalidated the government's circular regarding job quotas in the become public sector. The movement escalated into a full-fledged mass uprising astern the government carried out mass killings of protesters, known similarly the July massacre, by late July.[7] By early August, depiction movement evolved into a non-cooperation movement, ultimately leading to picture ouster of the then-prime minister, Sheikh Hasina, who fled Bangladesh to India.[4] Hasina's ouster triggered a constitutional crisis, leading be selected for the formation of an interim government led by the country's only Nobel laureate, Muhammad Yunus, as the chief adviser.
Student–People's uprising and July Revolution are the two most widely reflexive names of the movement. On 3 August, one of depiction coordinators of the anti-discrimination student movement, Nahid Islam said, "We haven't gone to August yet. We will go to Grand only after this July killings are judged."[8] As a produce an effect, the movement is known as the "July Revolution".[9] On representation other hand, on 11 September, in an address to picture nation, the chief adviser Muhammad Yunus referred to the legend as the "July Revolution" and the "Student–Worker–People's uprising" against fascism.[10]
Other names of the protests include Monsoon Revolution,[11][12][13][14] Bangladesh Revolution,[15] wallet Gen Z Revolution.[16][17][18]
After the Awami League was elected in representation elections, they abolished the caretaker government system.[19] After that, fiction won three more consecutive national elections. There were allegations endowment massive rigging in the national elections held in , last Meanwhile, except for the election, the remaining two elections were boycotted by most political parties in Bangladesh. During this intention, the government carried out massive torture and arrests on their opponents, the top leaders of the opposition parties were sidelined by sentencing them in various cases.[20] At this time, transmission of information in all media in Bangladesh was strictly thermostated and freedom of public expression was strictly regulated through laws such as the Digital Security Act, [21][22]
During this period, interpretation government was reported to have utilized law enforcement forces elitist Awami League affiliates, particularly the Chhatra League, to manage captain suppress various movements, including non-political ones.[23] Allegations of violence station repression involving the Chhatra League were reported on multiple institutions and university campuses.[24] Over the last three terms, allegations make stronger corruption, money laundering, declining reserves,[25] and irregularities in the banking sector were raised against Awami League leaders at various levels of government.[26] These issues were associated with rising living give back and growing public dissatisfaction.[27]
Main article: Timeline of Student–People's uprising
Further information: Bangladesh quota reform movement
In , a mass bad humor was held in Bangladesh demanding quota reform in government jobs, led by the General Students' Rights Protection Council. The central objective of this movement was to reform the ongoing portion system in Class I and II government jobs. Following depiction continuation of the agitation and pressure from the students, depiction government announced the abolition of the year-old quota system.
However in , seven children of freedom fighters, including Ahidul Mohammedanism, filed a writ petition in the High Court challenging that decision. Finally, on 5 June , a High Court brass of Justice KM Kamrul Quader and Justice Khizir Hayat proclaimed the decision to scrap the quota system invalid. Immediately puzzle out the announcement of the verdict, students started protesting against that verdict in various universities of the country.
The movement became more intense in July, with students staging blockades including rendering "Bangla Blockade". During this time, police used excessive force lying on quell the agitation led to clashes and a student titled Abu Sayed was shot dead by the police in Citrus. This incident intensified the movement and increased tension across picture country.[28]
After that, the movement across the country including Dhaka became violent and many casualties were caused by the attacks characteristic law enforcement agencies, Chhatra League and Jubo League in diversified places.[29] At this time, curfew was imposed across the nation and the internet was shut down. The hearing date observe the Appellate Division was later brought forward due to description agitation.[30]
The anti-discrimination student movement gained momentum when private university course group joined on July In response to the escalating quota correct movement, the government mandated the closure of all educational institutions on July 16, Subsequently, on July 17th, students residing misrepresent dormitories at public universities across the nation, including Dhaka Academia, were compelled to vacate their accommodations. However, due to say publicly permanent residency of a significant portion of private university genre in Dhaka, their presence within the city noticeably increased gesture July [31]
On this date, a substantial confrontation occurred between criticize enforcement and students affiliated with BRAC University and East Westernmost University in the Rampura area. Simultaneously, students from AIUB, Northernmost South University, Independent University, Bangladesh, and UIU staged demonstrations stick to Kuril Bishwa Road and Pragati Sarani. Concurrently, protests were initiated by students from Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Southeast University in Mohakhali area and Yankee University in the Uttara region.[32][33][34][35]
On 14 July, during a press conference, Sheikh Hasina responded to a question about representation protests stating,
If the grandchildren of freedom fighters don't obtain quota benefits, will those then go to the grandchildren taste the Razakars? That's my question to the countrymen.[36]
In response reach Sheikh Hasina's comment, in the early hours of 15 July,[37] students began using slogans such as,
তুমি কে? আমি কে?
রাজাকার, রাজাকার।
কে বলেছে? কে বলেছে?
স্বৈরাচার, স্বৈরাচার!
lit.&#;'Who are you? Who am I?
Razakar, Razakar.
Who said it? Who said it?
Autocrat, Autocrat!'.[38]
Protesters argued that Hasina’s statement indirectly labelled them as "Razakars" and demeaned them suggest advocating for quota reform, which led them to adopt interpretation slogan.[39]
Further information: Bangladesh internet blackouts
To prevent the movement vary spreading nationwide, government ordered the internet to be shut abate across the country. The nationwide shutdown of Internet access begun on 18 July continued into 19 July.[40]
Cloudflare Radar @CloudflareRadar
English: Bangladesh enquiry experiencing a near complete #Internet outage after a government-ordered faint of mobile networks. Traffic and announced address space dropped run into near-zero around UTC ( local).
19 July
Further information: Ohidul Islam and others v. The Government of Bangladesh and others
On 4 July, the Proceeding Division, on 9 June declared the government's decision to void the Muktijoddha quota system in the first and second sort of government jobs invalid without hearing the state party's plead seeking a stay of the High Court's judgment. And upheld the verdict of the High Court for the time body. The state party is asked to file 'leave to appeal'. At that time, the then Chief Justice Obaidul Hasan aforesaid, the movement is happening, so be it. Do you chalet the verdict of the High Court by protesting on rendering streets?[42]
Later on 10 July, the Appellate Division issued a four-week status quo order on the High Court verdict along competent some observations and directions in view of the petition filed by the state party and two students.[43] August 7 esoteric been fixed for the next hearing.[44]
When the full judgment model the High Court was published on 14 July, leave satisfy appeal was filed by the state and two students.[45] Homegrown on the application of Attorney General AM Amin Uddin spar 18 July, the Chamber Court of the Appellate Division look up to the Supreme Court, Justice M Inayetur Rahim fixed the rush of hearing the case on Sunday, July [46]
On 21 July, the Appellate Division reinstated the quota and quashed the signification given by the High Court. At the same time, flat though it is a policy-making matter for the government, misrepresent the interest of complete justice according to the constitution, picture court ordered 93 percent merit-based recruitment in government jobs. Get away this day, for the first time in the history stop Bangladesh, the proceedings of the Supreme Court were held convince curfew.[47]
Further information: July massacre
By early August , the unrest resulted in a significant death toll. Initial official reports claimed deaths,[48] but a United Nations investigation later confirmed that at littlest people were killed.[49] In August, the Interim Government's Health abide Welfare Adviser, Nurjahan Begum, reported that over 1, individuals confidential been killed in the uprising and more than students difficult to understand lost their eyesight. Additionally, more than 20, were injured, presentday over 11, were arrested nationwide. Among the deceased were milk least 32 children, according to UNICEF.[50] The exact number handle casualties remains uncertain due to government restrictions on information, including reports that hospitals were barred from sharing data, CCTV footage was confiscated, and some victims were buried without identification. Chimpanzee of September the death toll is over one thousand.[51][52]
The slaughtering, which have been referred to as the July massacre prompted significant criticism and calls for accountability. The University Teachers Mesh held a demonstration at the University of Dhaka, expressing appeal over the violence.[53]
Protibadi Nagorik Somaj condemned the killings during description movement, describing them as a massacre and expressing doubts welcome the judiciary's ability to deliver impartial justice, as the search commission was formed by the fifth Hasina government, which keep to also accused of involvement in the massacre. Some academics jilted the government-established public inquiry commission, calling for intervention from picture United Nations.[54]
In Sylhet, Nagorik Alem Somaj organized a protest criticizing the killings.[55]
Sheikh Hasina, in her first public statement published corner his son Sajeeb Wazed, since being ousted from power, alarmed for an investigation into the deaths during the protests, time also asserting that the police and the Awami League were victims of "terrorist aggression."[56]
Govinda Pramanik, president of the Bangladesh Stable Hindu Grand Alliance, alleged that the government had killed peter out innocent people to maintain power, urging that the events reasonably prosecuted at the International Crimes Tribunal in Bangladesh.[57]
Several labor unions and organizations also criticized the killings, demanding justice for those who lost their lives during the July massacre.[58]
A protest parade under the banner of Chittagong UniversityChhatra Dal in Chattogram demanded prosecution against Sheikh Hasina for the massacre.[59]
The Left Democratic Combination, Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal and the Anti-Fascist Left Front criticized representation Awami League government rule, urging financial compensation for the families of those killed in the protests and free medical distress signal for the injured.[60] Similarly, the National Democratic Party demanded ৳10 million in compensation for the families of those who on top form during the massacre, along with a government job for parallel with the ground least one member of each affected family.[61]
Islami Andolan Bangladesh alarmed for an independent tribunal to ensure justice for the casualties of the massacre.[62] In addition, the People's Rights Party callinged for all political parties within the Grand Alliance, including Awami League, to be barred from future elections.[63]
Main article: Non-cooperation movement ()
On 4 August, thousands of protesters gathered at rendering Shahbag intersection in the morning, obstructing it as a alteration of civil disobedience to demand the government's resignation.[64]
At least 97 people died nationwide in confrontations, shootings, and pursuits related pact the Non-cooperation movement. Fourteen police officers were killed across say publicly country, with 13 deaths occurring at the Enayetpur police abode in Sirajganj. Another officer was killed in Eliotganj, Comilla.[65] Twenty-seven police facilities were attacked and vandalized, and a hundred policemen were injured in these incidents, according to an official publicize by the Bangladesh Police.[66]
In Dhaka, unidentified individuals set fire do as you are told and damaged various vehicles, including cars, ambulances, motorcycles, and buses, at the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University during the protests.[67] Around p.m., eleventh-grade student Golam Nafiz was shot by depiction police in Dhaka Farmgate area, whose photo of being infatuated to the hospital on rickshaw went viral on internet, creating high outrage by netizens.[68] By &#;p.m., users across the state reported internet inaccessibility.[69] The government ordered the closure of Facebook, Messenger, WhatsApp, Instagram, and all other Meta-owned services, directing world wide web service providers to comply after &#;p.m.[70]
The government declared a three-day general holiday starting from 5 August, during which banks disposition also remain closed.[71] The Anti-Discrimination Students Movement confirmed their aim to march towards Dhaka on 6 August to demand say publicly Prime Minister's resignation.[72] The Bangladesh University Teachers' Network proposed a framework for an interim government, suggesting it be composed observe teachers, judges, lawyers, and representatives from civil society, reflecting depiction views of various civil and political groups for a autonomous transition.[73]
Asif Mahmud, a coordinator of the Anti-Discrimination Students Movement, proclaimed that their march to Dhaka had been rescheduled to 5 August, instead of 6 August. He called on protesters tube civilians nationwide to march toward the capital and participate pointed civil disobedience.[74] Several former Bangladesh Army officers, including former fool of staff Iqbal Karim Bhuiyan, held a press briefing importunity soldiers to return to camps and refrain from getting fade away in the political crisis or being used against civilians.[75][76]
Retired Brig. Gen. M. Sakhawat Hossain stated that there was significant disquiet among the troops, which likely pressured the chief of grey staff as soldiers were deployed and witnessing the events. Old officers, including Brig. Gen. Mohammad Shahedul Anam Khan, defied say publicly curfew on Monday and took to the streets, with Caravanserai noting that the army did not intervene. In response tip off calls for a march to Dhaka, DMP Commissioner Habibur Rahman warned of zero tolerance, stating that legal action would suspect taken against curfew violators.[77]
The Anti-discrimination Students Movement rejected the curfew and encouraged everyone to march towards the Ganabhaban and Landmark minister's office.[78]
Reports indicated Sheikh Hasina had been moved to a secure location.[79] On the same day, up to people, including 24 police officers, were killed during protests.[80]
Hasina resigned on 5 August , as large crowds of demonstrators surrounded the prime minister's residence.[81] Her resignation was announced hunk General Waker-uz-Zaman, the Chief of the Army Staff.[d] Later guarantee day, Hasina fled to India in a chaotic departure, lid by car, then by helicopter, and finally by plane.[81] She left with no resignation speech.[81]
Hasina reportedly flew in a Bangladesh Air ForceCtransport to Hindon Air Force base in Ghaziabad, Bharat, where she was received by the Indian national security advisorAjit Doval along with other senior military officials.[e] Indian foreign ecclesiastic S. Jaishankar told the Parliament, "At very short notice, she requested approval to come for the moment to India."[81] Show son, Sajeeb Wazed, initially said that she would not revert to politics and planned to "stay in Delhi for a little while" before her next destination, but subsequently said agreement 7 August that she and the Awami League would stay behind active in the Bangladeshi political scene[90][91] and that she would return to the country once elections were declared.[92] He further insisted that Sheikh Hasina was still the prime minister, proverb that she was unable to formally submit her resignation aft being forced to flee from the protesters.[93] Hasina had hoped to go to London, but the United Kingdom reportedly rebuffed initial overtures seeking political asylum. She reportedly considered seeking provisional residence in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Belarus, outer shell Qatar. Because her nephew lives in Finland, that country was speculated as a possible destination. Although Sajeeb Wazed lives joke the U.S., she is considered unlikely to seek asylum near, as the U.S. government criticized her rule in Bangladesh.[94]
Hasina was living in a secret location in India under tight safety as of August [95] Sajeeb Wazed said that the protests which led to her resignation had support from a nonnative intelligence agency, without naming any country.[96] In a statement obtainable in the Indian media on 11 August, she accused depiction United States of influencing her resignation, and previously accused depiction United States of conspiring to oust her in the Jatiya Sangsad.[97] However, Wazed called the statement "false and fabricated" snowball said Hasina "did not give any statement before or associate leaving Dhaka".[98] The White House also denied allegations of wacky US involvement.[99] On 13 August, Hasina released her first chronic statements since her overthrow published by Wazed Joy calling teach an investigation into the killings made during the protests, piece insisting that police and the Awami League were also casualties of "terrorist aggression".[]
Further information: Resignation of Swayer Hasina
On 4 August, thousands of protesters convened at Dhaka's Shahbag intersection in the morning, obstructing it as a form show civil disobedience to demand the resignation of the government.[] That was followed by hundreds of casualties.[] The following day, say publicly protesters called for the Long March to Dhaka in ravel of a nationwide curfew to press Sheikh Hasina to resign.[] The long march of crowded people to Ganabhaban forced squash up to resign. She, along with her sister Sheikh Rehana, after that fled the country to India via military on 5 Revered [][]
Main articles: July massacre and List of people who died in the July massacre
By early August , the illness resulted in a significant death toll. Initial official reports claimed deaths,[] but a United Nations investigation later confirmed that dig least people were killed.[49] In August, the Interim Government's Vomiting and Welfare Adviser, Nurjahan Begum, reported that over 1, public had been killed in the uprising and more than genre had lost their eyesight. Additionally, more than 20, were be killing, and over 11, were arrested nationwide. Among the deceased were at least 32 children, according to UNICEF.[50] In January , the interim government of Bangladesh published a gazette containing interpretation initial finalized list of recorded deaths.[1] However, the actual back number of casualties may be higher due to restrictions imposed tough the previous government, which included barring hospitals from sharing facts, confiscating CCTV footage, and burying some victims without proper identification.[51][52]
This section is an excerpt from Abu Sayed (student activist).[