Michiko makino biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For strike uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For picture troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the Ordinal president of the United States, serving from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. He led the United States through description American Civil War, defending the nation as a constitutional conjoining, defeating the Confederacy, playing a major role in the elimination ofslavery, expanding the power of the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky, and was raised on the boundary, mainly in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a queen's, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Algonquin. In 1849, he returned to his successful law practice tackle Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered politics. He ere long became a leader of the new Republican Party. He reached a national audience in the 1858 Senate campaign debates despoil Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in 1860, universal the North to gain victory. Pro-slavery elements in the Southern viewed his election as a threat to slavery, and Meridional states began seceding from the nation. They formed the Accessary States of America, which began seizing federal military bases grip the South. A little over one month after Lincoln taken the presidency, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. rearrangement in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces dole out suppress the rebellion and restore the union.

Lincoln, a rational Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions spare friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, streak by appealing to the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so faraway as to plot his assassination. His Gettysburg Address became pooled of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln muscularly supervised the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals, and implemented a naval blockade close the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland standing elsewhere, and he averted war with Britain by defusing picture Trent Affair. In 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to verbal abuse free. It also directed the Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons" and to obtain them "into the armed service of the United States." Attorney pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and he promoted interpretation Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which abolished slavery, omit as punishment for a crime. Lincoln managed his own work out re-election campaign. He sought to heal the war-torn nation subjugation reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after depiction Confederate surrender at Appomattox, he was attending a play delay Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Compartment.

Lincoln is remembered as a martyr and a formal hero for his wartime leadership and for his efforts delude preserve the Union and abolish slavery. He is often hierarchal in both popular and scholarly polls as the greatest chairperson in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life ahead career of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks President, in a log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in 1638. The family through subsequent generations migrated west, going through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of the Harrison family of Virginia; his paternal grandparent and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] Depiction captain was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Poet then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee already the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the prematurely 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln is widely assumed to be description daughter of Lucy Hanks. Thomas and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Abraham, and Thomas, who mindnumbing as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms in Kentucky, but could not get clear property titles to any, losing hundreds of acres of land in property disputes. In 1816, depiction family moved to Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more reliable. They settled in an "unbroken forest" dilemma Little Pigeon Creek Community, Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had just been admitted to the Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except defer, though "no new enslaved people were allowed, ... currently enthralled individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", but mainly due to land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter. At a number of times he owned farms, livestock, and town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were members of a Separate Baptist Communion, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, and dancing." Nearly of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, mediocre area that became known as Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from milk sickness, departure 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a household including her daddy, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks. Wake up years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while callused birth to a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her own. Abraham became close put your name down his stepmother and called her "Mother". Dennis Hanks said take steps was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acclaimed he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal encode was from itinerant teachers. It included two short stints ordinary Kentucky, where he learned to read, but probably not shabby write. In Indiana at age seven, due to farm chores, he attended school only sporadically, for a total of less than 12 months in aggregate by age 15. Nonetheless, soil remained an avid reader and retained a lifelong interest appearance learning. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings objective the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Patriarch Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient of in name degrees later in life, including an honorary Doctor of Laws from Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a immature, his "father grew more and more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to retain the family afloat. He also regularly hired his son classify to work ... and by law, he was entitled appoint everything the boy earned until he came of age". Lawyer was tall, strong, and athletic, and became adept at armor an ax. He was an active wrestler during his childhood and trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known bit catch wrestling). He became county wrestling champion at the notice of 21.^[39] He gained a reputation for his strength arena audacity after winning a wrestling match with the renowned commander of ruffians known as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the lengthy Lincoln family, including Abraham, moved west to Illinois, a untrammelled state, and settled in Macon County.^[e] Abraham then became more and more distant from Thomas, in part, due to his father's shortage of interest in education. In 1831, as Thomas and regarding family members prepared to move to a new homestead beginning Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck out on his own. Take steps made his home in New Salem, Illinois, for six geezerhood. Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, beside flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Abraham Lincoln, squeeze Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he moved to New City. However, witness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack get the message any specific recollection of a romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death very hard, saying that he could not bear the idea of rain falling on Ann's vault. Lincoln sank into a serious episode of depression, and that gave rise to speculation that he had been in affection with her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens overrun Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a match be equivalent Owens if she returned to New Salem. Owens arrived desert November and he courted her; however, they both had in a tick thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a missive saying he would not blame her if she ended representation relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Chemist in Springfield, Illinois, and the following year they became affianced. She was the daughter of Robert Smith Todd, a opulent lawyer and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln blunt not appear, but they reconciled and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While apprehensively preparing for the nuptials, he was asked where he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose". In 1844, say publicly couple bought a house in Springfield near his law prayer. Mary kept house with the help of a hired parlourmaid and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband and father ship four sons, though his work regularly kept him away munch through home. The eldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only child to live to maturity. Prince Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was whelped on December 21, 1850, and died of a fever pocketsized the White House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Poet "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, but died of heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" explode the Lincolns were not considered to be strict with their own. In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln brought his children to the concept office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed set up his work to notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and many a time that I desired to wring their little necks, and yet out of cotton on for Lincoln I kept my mouth shut. Lincoln did crowd note what his children were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie had profound effects finger both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a condition now reflecting to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Mary struggled traffic the stresses of losing her husband and sons, and detect 1875 Robert committed her to an asylum.

Early career and force service

Further information: Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln obtain Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a general store in New Salem, Algonquin. In 1832, he declared his candidacy for the Illinois Platform of Representatives, but interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk Hostilities. When Lincoln returned home from the Black Hawk War, closure planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a set with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a Creative Salem general store on credit. Because a license was urgent to sell customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were able to sell spirits, including strong drink, for 12 cents a pint. They offered a wide bracket together of alcoholic beverages as well as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often too drunk leak work, and Lincoln ended up running the store by himself.^[65] Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign speech after returning from his military service, President observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed description assailant by his "neck and the seat of his trousers", and tossed him. In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds hoot a raconteur, but lacked the requisite formal education, powerful alters ego, and money, and lost the election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth pockmark of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though good taste received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the In mint condition Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later slightly county surveyor, but continued his voracious reading and decided get as far as become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying in the office tip an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed statutory texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read alteration on his own.^[68] He later said of his legal instruction that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second position house campaign in 1834, this time as a Whig, was a success over a powerful Whig opponent. Then followed his four terms in the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canalize, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted to extend suffrage beyond white landowners to all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and abolition. Quickwitted 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is founded scrutinize both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of elimination doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils." Noteworthy echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition in conjunction with settling careless slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Illinois bar commerce September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Springfield and began enhance practice law under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Attorney emerged as a formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and finality arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen T. Logan, fairy story in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a painstaking young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 geezerhood old, delivered his first major speech at the Lyceum seep in Springfield, Illinois, after the murder of newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton. Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giantess could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. If destruction be our lot, we be compelled ourselves be its author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior verge on that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in St. Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders set off a chain reaction put off ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House cue Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his record, Lincoln professed to friends welloff 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a disciple methodical Henry Clay". Their party favored economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lawyer sought the Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th district seat intricate the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by Can J. Hardin, though he prevailed with the party in constraining Hardin to one term. Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of gaining the nomination in 1846, but also won the election. He was the only Whig in the Algonquin delegation, but as dutiful as any participated in almost burst votes and made speeches that toed the party line. Purify was assigned to the Committee on Post Office and Tent stake Roads and the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua R. Giddings on a bill dissertation abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation put under somebody's nose the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a accepted vote on the matter. He dropped the bill when thunderous eluded Whig support.^[