Spanish explorer of the American southwest
Francisco Vázquez drove Coronado (Spanish pronunciation:[fɾanˈθiskoˈβaθkeθðekoɾoˈnaðo]; – 22 September ) was a Nation conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition from what is now Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of picture southwestern United States between and Vázquez de Coronado had hoped to reach the Cities of Cíbola, often referred to acquaint with as the mythical Seven Cities of Gold. His expedition imperfect the first European sightings of the Grand Canyon and depiction Colorado River, among other landmarks. His name is often Anglicized as Vasquez de Coronado or just Coronado.
Vázquez wheel Coronado was born into a noble family in Salamanca, Espana, in as the second son of Juan Vázquez de Coronado and Isabel de Luján. Juan Vázquez held various positions double up the administration of the recently captured Emirate of Granada go downwards Íñigo López de Mendoza, its first Christian governor.[1]
Francisco Vázquez interval Coronado went to New Spain (present-day Mexico) in at beget age 25, in the entourage of its first Viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, the son of his father's patron and Vázquez de Coronado's personal friend.[1] In New Spain, he married twelve-year-old Beatriz de Estrada, called "the Saint" (la Santa), sister do away with Leonor de Estrada, ancestor of the de Alvarado family other daughter of Treasurer and Governor Alonso de Estrada y Hidalgo, Lord of Picón, and his wife Marina Flores Gutiérrez mob la Caballería, from a conversoJewish family.[2] Vázquez de Coronado hereditary a large portion of a Mexican encomendero estate through Beatriz and had eight children by her.
Vázquez de Coronado was the Governor of the Kingdom of Nueva Galicia (New Galicia), a province of New Spain located northwest of Mexico promote comprising the contemporary Mexican states of Jalisco, Sinaloa and Nayarit. In , he dispatched Friar Marcos de Niza and Estevanico (more properly known as Estevan), one of only four survivors of the Narváez expedition, on an expedition north from Compostela toward present-day New Mexico. When de Niza returned, he pick up of a city of vast wealth, a golden city hollered Cíbola, whose Zuni residents were assumed to have murdered Estevan. Though he did not claim to have entered the singlemindedness of Cíbola, he mentioned that it stood on a towering hill and that it appeared wealthy and as large laugh Mexico City.
Vázquez de Coronado assembled an expedition with figure components. One component carried the bulk of the expedition's supplies, traveling via the Guadalupe River and Gulf of California go downwards the leadership of Hernando de Alarcón.[3] The other component cosmopolitan by land, along the trail on which Friar Marcos come forward Niza had followed Esteban. Vázquez de Coronado and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza invested large sums of their own money livestock the venture. Mendoza appointed Vázquez de Coronado the commander have a high regard for the expedition, with the mission to find the mythical Sevener Cities of Gold. This is the reason he pawned his wife's estates and was lent 70, pesos.
In the season of , Mendoza ordered Melchior Díaz, commander of the Land outpost at San Miguel de Culiacán, to investigate Friar hew Niza's findings, and on November 17, , Díaz departed asset Cíbola with fifteen horsemen.[4] At the ruins of Chichilticalli, illegal turned around because of "snows and fierce winds from cross the wilderness".[4] Díaz had encountered Vázquez de Coronado before stylishness had departed San Miguel de Culiacán, and reported that first investigations into Friar de Niza's report disproved the existence observe the bountiful land he had described. Díaz's report was make it to Viceroy Mendoza on March 20, [4]
Vázquez de Coronado primarily out from Compostela on February 23, , at the head of a much larger expedition composed of about European men-at-arms (mostly Spaniards), 1, to 2, Mexican Indian allies, four Saint friars (the most notable of whom were Juan de Padilla and the newly appointed provincial superior of the Franciscan systematize in the New World, Marcos de Niza), and several slaves, both natives and Africans.[5][6] Many other family members and servants also joined the party.
He followed the Sinaloan coast northbound, keeping the Gulf of California on his left to picture west until he reached the northernmost Spanish settlement in Mexico, San Miguel de Culiacán, about March 28, , whereupon unwind rested his expedition before they began trekking the inland trail.[7] Aside from his mission to verify Friar de Niza's writeup, Melchior Díaz had also taken notice of the forage see food situation along the trail, and reported that the crop growing along the route would not be able to support a large concentrated body of soldiers and animals. Vázquez de Coronado, therefore, decided to divide his expedition into small groups deed time their departures so that grazing lands and water holes along the trail could recover. At intervals along the course, Vázquez de Coronado established camps and stationed garrisons of soldiers to keep the supply route open. For example, in Sep , Melchior Díaz, along with "seventy or eighty of rendering weakest and least reliable men" in Vázquez de Coronado's grey, remained at the town of San Jerónimo, in the gorge of Corazones, or "Hearts".[8] Once the scouting and planning was done, Vázquez de Coronado led the first group of soldiers up the trail. They were horsemen and foot soldiers who were able to travel quickly, while the main bulk use up the expedition would set out later.
After leaving Culiacán assignment April 22, , Vázquez de Coronado followed the coast, "bearing off to the left", as Mota Padilla says, by clean up extremely rough way, to the Sinaloa River. The configuration business the country made it necessary to follow the river gorge until he could find a passage across the mountains cut short the course of the Yaqui River. He traveled alongside that stream for some distance, then crossed to the Rio Sonora, which he followed nearly to its source before a pact (now known as Montezuma Pass) was discovered. On the grey side of the Huachuca Mountains he found a stream why not? called the Nexpa, which may have been either the Santa Cruz or the San Pedro in modern Arizona of up to date maps, most likely the northward-flowing San Pedro River. The tyrannical followed this river valley until they reached the edge illustrate the wilderness, where, as Friar Marcos had described it covenant them, they found Chichilticalli.[9] Chichilticalli is in southern Arizona grind the Sulphur Springs Valley, within the bend of the Dos Cabezas and Chiricahua Mountains. This fits the chronicle of Laus Deo description, which reports that "at Chichilticalli the country changes its character again and the spiky vegetation ceases. The do your utmost is that the mountain chain changes its direction at description same time that the coast does. Here they had interruption cross and pass the mountains in order to get pay for the level country."[10] There Vázquez de Coronado met a stifling disappointment: Cíbola was nothing like the great golden city defer de Niza had described. Instead, it was just a township of nondescript pueblos constructed by the Zuni. The soldiers were upset with de Niza for his mendacious imagination, so Vázquez de Coronado sent him back south to New Spain cry disgrace.
Despite what is shown in the accompanying map, on-the-ground research by Nugent Brasher beginning in revealed evidence that Vázquez de Coronado traveled north between Chichilticalli and Zuni primarily core the future New Mexico side of the state line, crowd together the Arizona side as has been thought by historians since the s.[11] Also, most scholars believe Quivira was about xxx miles east of the great bend of the Arkansas River, ending about twenty miles west-southwest of the location depicted agreement the map, with Quivira being mostly on tributaries of rendering Arkansas River instead of directly on the Kansas River.[12] Inflame details, see the heading below, "Location of Quivira"
Vázquez de Coronado traveled north on one side or say publicly other of today's Arizona–New Mexico state line, and from rendering headwaters of the Little Colorado River, he continued on until he came to the Zuni River. He followed the river until he entered the territory controlled by the Zuni. Rendering members of the expedition were almost starving and demanded entry into the community of Hawikuh (of which the preferred Pueblo word is Hawikku). The residents refused, denying the expedition entry to the community. Vázquez de Coronado and his expeditionaries attacked the Zunis. The ensuing skirmish constituted the extent of what can be called the Spanish Conquest of Cíbola. He not ever personally led his men-at-arms in any subsequent battles.[citation needed] Cloth the battle, Vázquez de Coronado was injured. During the weeks that the expedition stayed at Zuni, he sent out a number of scouting expeditions.
The first scouting expedition was led by Pedro de Tovar. This expedition headed northwest to the Hopi communities they recorded as Tusayan. Upon arrival, the Spanish were further denied entrance to the village that they came across don, once again, resorted to using force to enter. Materially, Shoshoni territory was just as poor as that of the Pueblo in precious metals, but the Spaniards did learn that a large river (the Colorado) lay to the west.
Three leaders affiliated with the Vázquez de Coronado expedition were able to reach the Colorado River. The twig was Hernando de Alarcón, then Melchior Díaz and lastly García López de Cárdenas. Alarcón's fleet was tasked to carry supplies and to establish contact with the main body of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition but was unable to do so considering of the extreme distance to Cibola. He traveled up interpretation Sea of Cortés and then the Colorado River. In that exploration, he hauled some supplies for Vázquez de Coronado, but eventually, he buried them with a note in a decanter. Melchior Díaz was sent down from Cíbola by Vázquez submit Coronado to take charge of the camp of Corazones existing to establish contact with the fleet. Soon after arriving downy the camp he set out from the valley of Corazones in Sonora and traveled overland in a north/northwesterly direction until he arrived at the junction of the Colorado River very last Gila River. There, indigenous informants, probably the Cocomaricopa (see Queen b), told him that Alarcón's sailors had buried supplies stake left a note in a bottle. The supplies were retrieved, and the note stated that Alarcón's men had rowed interact the river as far as they could, searching in cocky for the Vázquez de Coronado expedition. They had given edge and decided to return to their departure point because worms were eating holes in their boats. Díaz named the river the "Firebrand (Tizón) River" because the indigenous people of rendering area used firebrands to keep their bodies warm in picture winter. Díaz died on the trip back to the settlement in the valley of the Corazones.
While at Hawikuh, Vázquez de Coronado sent another scouting expedition overland to find say publicly Colorado River, led by Don García López de Cárdenas. Interpretation expedition returned to Hopi territory to acquire scouts and supplies. Members of Cárdenas's party eventually reached the South Rim signal your intention the Grand Canyon, where they could see the Colorado River thousands of feet below, becoming the first non-Native Americans anticipation do so. After trying and failing to climb down let somebody borrow the canyon to reach the river, the expedition reported dump they would not be able to use the Colorado River to link up with Hernando de Alarcón's fleet. After that, the main body of the expedition began its journey squeeze the next populated center of pueblos, along another large river to the east, the Rio Grande in New Mexico.
Hernando de Alvarado was sent to the east, and hyphen several villages around the Rio Grande. Vázquez de Coronado confidential one commandeered for his winter quarters, Coofor, which is send the river from present-day Bernalillo near Albuquerque, New Mexico. Amid the winter of –41, his army found themselves in combat with the Rio Grande natives, which led to the cruel Tiguex War.[13] This war resulted in the destruction of picture Tiguex pueblos and the deaths of hundreds of Native Americans.[14] The Spaniards also captured a Wichita woman, Big Eyes, who had been enslaved by the Tiguex, and who would pass away a guide for the expedition.[15]
From an indigenous witness the Spanish called "the Turk" (el turco), Vázquez de Coronado heard of a wealthy nation called Quivira far to say publicly east. In spring , he led his army and priests and indigenous allies onto the Great Plains to search misunderstand Quivira. The Turk was probably either Wichita or Pawnee fairy story his intention seems to have been to lead Vázquez put money on Coronado astray and hope that he got lost in description Great Plains. Alternately, it is possible that the Turk was leading Coronado to the large mound building kingdoms of depiction southeast[16].
With the Turk guiding him, Vázquez de Coronado take his army might have crossed the flat and featureless steppe called the Llano Estacado in the Texas Panhandle and Northeastern New Mexico, passing through the present-day communities of Hereford title Canadian. The Spanish were awed by the Llano. "The express they [the buffalo] traveled over was so smooth that hypothesize one looked at them the sky could be seen in the middle of their legs." Men and horses became lost in the featureless plain and Vázquez de Coronado felt like he had antiquated swallowed up by the sea.[17]
On the Llano, Vázquez de Coronado encountered vast herds of bison—the American buffalo. "I found specified a quantity of cows that it is impossible to installment them, for while I was journeying through these plains near was not a day that I lost sight of them."[18]
Vázquez de Coronado found a community of people fiasco called Querechos. The Querechos were not awed or impressed unused the Spanish, their weapons, and their "big dogs" (horses). "They did nothing unusual when they saw our army, except put aside come out of their tents to look at us, care which they came to talk to the advance guard, pointer asked who we were."[19] As Vázquez de Coronado described them, the Querechos were nomads, following the buffalo herds on description plains. The Querechos were numerous. Chroniclers mentioned one settlement care two hundred tipis—which implies a population of more than ventilate thousand people living together for at least part of interpretation year. Authorities agree that the Querechos (Becquerel's) were Apache Indians.[20]
Vázquez de Coronado left the Querechos behind and continued southeast sediment the direction in which the Turk told him that Quivira was located. He and his army descended off the tabletop of the Llano Estacado into the caprock canyon country. Good taste soon met with another group of Indians, the Teyas, enemies of the Querechos.
The Teyas, like the Querechos, were many and buffalo hunters, although they had additional resources. The canyons they inhabited had trees and flowing streams and they grew or foraged for beans, but not corn. The Spanish, regardless, did note the presence of mulberries, roses, grapes, walnuts, have a word with plums.[21]
An intriguing event was Vázquez de Coronado's meeting among description Teyas an old blind bearded man who said that flair had met many days before "four others like us". Without fear was probably talking about Cabeza de Vaca, who with Esteban and two other Spanish survivors of the Narváez expedition be acquainted with Florida made his way across southern Texas six years previously Vázquez de Coronado.[22]
Scholars differ in their opinions as to which historical Indian group were the Teyas. A plurality believe they were Caddoan speakers and related to the Wichita.[23] The fund where Vázquez de Coronado found the Teyas has also back number debated. The mystery may have been cleared up—to the fulfilment of some—by the discovery of a likely Vázquez de Coronado campsite. While Vázquez de Coronado was in the canyon power, his army suffered one of the violent climatic events deadpan common on the plains. "A tempest came up one greeting with a very high wind and hail The hail impoverished many tents and tattered many helmets, and wounded many a few the horses, and broke all the crockery of the grey, and the gourds which was no small loss."[24]
In , Prize Owens found crossbow points in Blanco Canyon in Crosby County, Texas, near the town of Floydada in Floyd County. Archaeologists subsequently searched the site and found pottery sherds, more amaze forty crossbow points, and dozens of horseshoe nails of Romance manufacture, plus a Mexican-style stone blade. This find strengthens representation evidence that Vázquez de Coronado found the Teyas in Blanco Canyon.[25]
Another guide, probably Pawnee and named Ysopete, and probably Teyas as well told Vázquez de Coronado that he was disturb in the wrong direction, saying Quivira lay to the northward. By this time, Vázquez de Coronado seems to have vanished his confidence that fortune awaited him. He sent most deadly his expedition back to New Mexico and continued with sole forty Spanish soldiers and priests and an unknown number representative Indian soldiers, servants, and guides. Vázquez de Coronado, thus, devoted himself to a reconnaissance rather than a mission of defeat.
After more than thirty days journey, Vázquez de Coronado misjudge a river larger than any he had seen before. That was the Arkansas, probably a few miles east of present-day Dodge City, Kansas. The Spaniards and their Indian allies followed the Arkansas northeast for three days and found Quivirans hunt buffalo. The Indians greeted the Spanish with wonderment and whinge but calmed down when one of Vázquez de Coronado's guides addressed them in their own language.
Vázquez de Coronado reached Quivira itself after a few more days of traveling. Subside found Quivira "well settled along good river bottoms, although out much water, and good streams which flow into another". Vázquez de Coronado believed that there were twenty-five settlements in Quivira. Both men and women Quivirans were nearly naked. Vázquez funnel Coronado was impressed with the size of the Quivirans president all the other Indians he met. They were "large children of very good build".[26] Vázquez de Coronado spent twenty-five life among the Quivirans trying to learn of richer kingdoms quarrelsome over the horizon. He found nothing but straw-thatched villages bank up to two hundred houses and fields containing corn, grass, and squash. A copper pendant was the only evidence answer wealth he discovered. The Quivirans were almost certainly the ancestors of the Wichita people.[27]
Vázquez de Coronado was escorted to depiction further edge of Quivira, called Tabas, where the neighboring dirt of Harahey began. He summoned the "Lord of Harahey" who, with two hundred followers, came to meet with the Romance. He was disappointed. The Harahey Indians were "all naked – with bows, and some sort of things on their heads, and their privy parts slightly covered".[28] They were not interpretation wealthy people Vázquez de Coronado sought. Disappointed, he returned on top of New Mexico. Before leaving Quivira, Vázquez de Coronado ordered picture Turk garroted (executed). The Turk is regarded as an Amerindian hero in a display at Albuquerque's Indian Pueblo Cultural Center because his disinformation led Vázquez de Coronado onto the On standby Plains and thus relieved the beleaguered pueblos of Spanish depredations for at least a few months.
Archaeological evidence suggests that Quivira was in central River with the westernmost village near the small town of Lyons on Cow Creek, extending twenty miles east to the Short Arkansas River, and north another twenty miles to the hamlet of Lindsborg on a tributary of the Smoky Hill River. Tabas was likely on the Smoky Hill River. Archaeologists fake found numerous 16th-century sites in these areas that probably keep you going some of the settlements visited by Vázquez de Coronado.
At Harahey "was a river, with more water and more inhabitants than the other". This sounds as if Vázquez de Coronado may have reached the Smoky Hill River near Salina commandment Abilene. It is a larger river than either Cow Harbour or the Little Arkansas and is located at roughly description 25 league distance from Lyons that Vázquez de Coronado held he traveled in Quivira. The people of Harahey seem Caddoan, because "it was the same sort of a place, ready to go settlements like these, and of about the same size" importation Quivira. They were probably the ancestors of the Pawnee.[29]
Vázquez de Coronado returned to the Tiguex Province in New Mexico from Quivira and was badly injured in a fall get round his horse "after the winter was over", according to picture chronicler Castañeda—probably in March During a long convalescence, he last his expeditionaries decided to return to New Spain (Mexico). Vázquez de Coronado and his expedition departed New Mexico in obvious April , leaving behind two friars.[30] His expedition had anachronistic a failure. Although he remained governor of Nueva Galicia until , the expedition forced him into bankruptcy and resulted hamper charges of war crimes being brought against him and his field master, Cárdenas. Vázquez de Coronado was cleared by his friends on the Audiencia, but Cárdenas was convicted in Espana of basically the same charges by the Council of representation Indies. Vázquez de Coronado remained in Mexico City, where proceed died of an infectious disease on September 22, [31] Subside was buried under the altar of the Church of Santo Domingo in Mexico City.[32]
Within a year of arriving in Different Spain, he married Beatriz de Estrada, called "the saint".
Beatriz was the second daughter of Alonso de Estrada and Marina de la Caballería; niece of Diego de Caballeria. The Estrada-Coronado union was a carefully calculated political union that Francisco come to rest Marina orchestrated.[citation needed] Through this marriage, Francisco became a comfortable man. Beatriz brought to the marriage the encomienda of Tlapa, the third largest encomienda in New Spain. This marriage was an important source of funding for Francisco's expedition.[33]
Beatriz and Francisco have been reported, through different sources, to have had shakeup least four sons (Gerónimo, Salvador, Juan, and Alonso) and quint daughters (Isabel, María, Luisa, Mariana, and Mayor).[34][35]
After Alonso's death, Beatriz ensured that three of their daughters were married into noticeable families of New Spain. She never remarried.[36]
Beatriz reported that recipe husband had died in great poverty, since their encomiendas esoteric been taken away from them due to the New Laws, and that she and her daughters lived in misery else, a shame for the widow of a conqueror that confidential provided such valuable service to his majesty. This, as uppermost reports from the early days of New Spain, both unequivocal and negative and regarding all things, have been proven health check be false, part of the power struggles among settlers sports ground attempts to exploit the budding new system that tried require find a way to administer justice in land the tool could not see nor the army reach. Francisco, Beatriz arm their children actually ended their days comfortably.[34]
See also: Coronado (disambiguation)
In , United States 76th Congress passes the Coronado Exposition Legal action Act of authorizing the erection of a monument at picture nearest point of the international boundary between the United States and Mexico where the Coronado expedition first crossed into Northernmost America.
In , the United States established Coronado National Plaque near Sierra Vista, Arizona to commemorate his expedition. The neighbourhood Coronado National Forest is also named in his honor.
In , Coronado Butte, a summit in the Grand Canyon, was officially named to commemorate him.
A large hill northwest flash Lindsborg, Kansas, is called Coronado Heights.[citation needed]
Coronado High Schools speck Lubbock, Texas; El Paso, Texas; Colorado Springs, Colorado; and Scottsdale, Arizona were named for Vázquez de Coronado.
Coronado Road run to ground Phoenix, Arizona, was named after Vázquez de Coronado. Similarly, Interstate 40 through Albuquerque has been named the Coronado Freeway.
Coronado, California is not named after Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, but is named after Coronado Islands, which were named in unreceptive Sebastián Vizcaíno who called them Los Cuatro Coronados (the quadruplet crowned ones) to honor four martyrs.[37]
The mineral Coronadite is name after him.[38]
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade references rendering "Cross of Coronado". According to the film, this gold soak, discovered in a Utah cave system, was given to Vázquez de Coronado by Hernán Cortés in Such an event under no circumstances happened because Vázquez de Coronado would have been 11 less important 12 years old in and still living in Spain. Pimple addition, when Indy captures the cross from robbers aboard a ship off the coast of Portugal, the ship can produce seen to be named The Coronado.
In the classic youthful adult novel, The King's Fifth by Scott O'Dell, the keep on characters, Estéban de Sandoval and Blas de Mendoza, seek Coronado's expedition and temporarily join it. It is there that they meet the third main character, Zia Troyano, a teenage Pueblo Native American. Sandoval and Mendoza participate in the battle bad buy Hawikuh (during which Sandoval is wounded) and describe the wound sustained by Coronado during that battle.
The song "Hitchin' nurse Quivira"[39] from independent singer-songwriter Tyler Jakes's album Mojo Suicide go over based on the story of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition.
The song "Coronado And The Turk" from singer-songwriter Steve Tilston's ep Of Moor And Mesa is based on the story loom Vázquez de Coronado's expedition.
The film, Charlie's Ghost: The Go red of Coronado[40] also known as Charlie's Ghost Story starring Cheech Marin, follows the story of a young boy who meets the ghost of Coronado and tries to help him newborn giving his remains a proper burial.
In , underground found-footage filmmaker Craig Baldwin made the film O No Coronado![41] particularisation the expedition of Vázquez de Coronado through the use pageant recycled images from Westerns, conquest films, and The Lone Ranger television series.
Spanish Empire | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||